Canada{{portal}} '''Canada''' is a Sovereignty|sovereign state in North America, the northern-most in the world, and the second largest in area (after Russia). Bordering the United States, its territorial claims extend north into the Arctic Ocean as far as the North Pole. Canada is a federation, comprised of ten Provinces and territories of Canada|provinces and three Provinces and territories of Canada|territories. Initially constituted through the British North America Acts|British North America Act of 1867 and styled the "Canada's name|Dominion of Canada", it is governed as a Parliamentary system|parliamentary representative democracy and retains a constitutional monarchy with Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II as head of state. Canada's official languages are English language|English and French language|French. Its Statistics Canada|official population estimate for as of 2005|June 2005 is 32.2 million people [http://www.statcan.ca/english/edu/clock/population.htm]. {{Canada infobox}} ==Overview== The capital of Canada is Ottawa, where Parliament of Canada|Parliament resides. Both the Governor General of Canada, who exercises the prerogatives delegated by the head of state (the monarch), and the Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister, who is the head of government, have official residences in Ottawa. Originally a union of former French colonial empire|French and British colony|British colonies, Canada is a Commonwealth Realm. It is a founding member of the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations, and La Francophonie. Canada is officially Bilingualism in Canada|bilingual: * Canadian French|French is the majority language of Quebec, and is widely spoken in New Brunswick. * Canadian English|English is the majority language elsewhere except in certain communities and in Nunavut, where the majority language is Inuktitut. Canada is a technologically advanced and industrialized nation, largely self-sufficient in energy due to its large fossil fuel deposits, nuclear energy generation, and hydroelectric power capabilities. Its diversified Economy of Canada|economy heavily relies on the abundance of natural resources and trade, particularly with the United States, with which it has a long, extensive relationship (''see'' U.S.-Canada relations). Canada has 10 provinces and 3 territories. {| align=center border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=4 style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center; font-size:80%; line-height:normal" |- bgcolor=#eeeeee !align=left|Provinces and territories of Canada|Province !Capital city !Standard Time Zone (Coordinated Universal Time|UTC) !List of regions of Canada|Region |- |align=left|British Columbia||Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria|| -8 (Pacific), -7 (Mountain)||Western Canada|Western, Pacific |- |align=left|Alberta||Edmonton, Alberta|Edmonton||-7 (Mountain) |rowspan=3|Western, Canadian prairies|Prairies |- |align=left|Saskatchewan||Regina, Saskatchewan|Regina||-7 (Mountain), -6 (Central) |- |align=left|Manitoba||Winnipeg, Manitoba|Winnipeg||-6 (Central) |- |align=left|Ontario||Toronto, Ontario|Toronto||-6 (Central), -5 (Eastern) |rowspan=2|Central Canada|Central, Eastern |- |align=left|Quebec||Quebec City, Quebec|Quebec City||-5 (Eastern) |- |align=left|New Brunswick||Fredericton, New Brunswick|Fredericton |rowspan=3|-4 (Atlantic) |rowspan=3|Atlantic Canada|Atlantic, Maritimes |- |align=left|Nova Scotia||Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax |- |align=left|Prince Edward Island||Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island|Charlottetown |- |align=left|Newfoundland and Labrador||St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's||-4 (Atlantic), -3.5 (Newfoundland)||Atlantic Canada|Atlantic |- bgcolor=#eeeeee ! align=left|Provinces and territories of Canada|Territory !Capital city !Standard Time Zone (UTC) !Region |- |align=left|Yukon||Whitehorse, Yukon|Whitehorse||-8 |rowspan=3|Northern or Canadian Arctic|Arctic |- |align=left|Northwest Territories||Yellowknife, Northwest Territories|Yellowknife||-7 |- |align=left|Nunavut||Iqaluit, Nunavut|Iqaluit||-7, -6, -5, -4 |} Other major cities include Montreal, Quebec, Vancouver, British Columbia, and Calgary, Alberta. See List of cities in Canada. ==History== Image:Parliament3.jpg|240px|thumb|left|The Parliament of Canada above the Ottawa River in Ottawa, Ontario|Ottawa, Ontario. ''Main articles: History of Canada, Timeline of Canadian history'' Parts of Canada have been inhabited by indigenous people|aboriginal peoples (known as First Nations of Canada|First Nations) for at least 40,000 years. A Scandinavian expedition visited about AD 1000, briefly settling in L'Anse aux Meadows. British claims to North America began when John Cabot reached what he called "Newfoundland" in 1497. French claims began with explorations by Jacques Cartier (from 1534) and Samuel de Champlain (from 1603). In 1604, French settlers, who became known as Acadians, were the first Europeans to settle permanently in Canada, followed by other French colonization of the Americas|French settlements in the St. Lawrence River|St. Lawrence and Atlantic Canada regions. British colonization of the Americas|British settlements were established along the East Coast of the United States|Atlantic seaboard and around Hudson Bay. With the expansion of these French and British colonies, and wars between France and England in Europe, four French and Indian Wars erupted from 1689 to 1763. In the Treaty of Paris of 1763, France surrendered to Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain nearly all of New France, including Acadia and what comprises present-day Quebec and Ontario. Britain established the colonies of Nova Scotia, Lower Canada, and Upper Canada. New colonies corresponding to the present-day jurisdictions of the provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island were soon formed. The Canadas were joined to form Province of Canada|Canada. Cape Breton was merged with Nova Scotia. During and after the American Revolution, many United Empire Loyalists|British Loyalists left the Thirteen Colonies to settle in Canada. Other settlers during this time of a population boom came from Europe, in particular the British Isles. In 1812, the War of 1812 began when the United States of America attacked Canada, in an attempt to further damage the British Empire for fear of being attacked. The Canadians fought back, and managed to burn down the then White House in a surprise attack, making the Americans call a truce. On July 1, 1867, three colonies - Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick - were granted by United Kingdom|Britain a constitution, the British North America Act, creating the Dominion of Canada. It consisted of the provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec (formerly Canada East), and Ontario (formerly Canada West). The term "Canadian confederation|Confederation" refers to this 1867 act of union. Other British colonies and territories soon joined Canada: by 1880, Canada included all of its present area except for Newfoundland and Labrador, which joined in 1949. The Statute of Westminster 1931|Statute of Westminster of 1931 established self-government for Canada. Patriation of Canada's Constitution of Canada|constitution occurred when the British government passed the Canada Act 1982. In the second half of the 20th century, some citizens of the province of Quebec sought independence ("sovereignty") in two referendum|referenda held in 1980 and 1995, with votes of 60% and 50.6% against independence, respectively. ==Geography== {|align=right |Image:CanadaMap1.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Map of Canada. |- |Image:Rockieswater-4.jpg|thumb|300px|The Canadian Rockies |} {{seemain|Geography of Canada}} Canada occupies the northern half of North America. It is bordered to the south by the contiguous United States and to the northwest by Alaska. The country stretches from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west; hence the country's motto. To the north lies theArctic Ocean; Greenland lies to the northeast. Since 1925, Canada has claimed the portion of the Arctic between 60°W and 141°W longitude ([http://atlas.gc.ca/site/english/maps/historical/territorialevolution/1927/1]). The northernmost settlement in Canada (and in the world) is Canadian Forces Station (CFS) Alert on the northern tip of Ellesmere Island -- latitude 82.5°N -- just 834 kilometres from the North Pole. Canada is the world's second-largest country in total area, after Russia. Much of Canada's territory lies in Arctic regions, however, and thus Canada has only the fourth most arable land area behind Russia, China, and the United States. The population density is 3.5 people per square kilometre, which is among the lowest in the world. While Canada covers a larger area than the U.S., it has only one-ninth its population. The most densely-populated part of the country is the Great Lakes-Saint Lawrence River Valley in the east. To the north of this region is the broad Canadian Shield, an area of rock scoured clean by the Wisconsin glaciation|last ice age, thinly soiled, rich in minerals, and gouged with lakes and rivers— over 60 percent of the world's lakes are located in Canada. The Canadian Shield encircles the immense Hudson Bay. The Canadian Shield extends to the Atlantic coast in Labrador. Newfoundland, North America's easternmost island, is at the mouth of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, the world's largest estuary. The Canadian Maritimes protrude eastward from the southern coasts of Quebec. New Brunswick and Nova Scotia are divided by the Bay of Fundy, which experiences the world's largest tidal variations. Prince Edward Island is Canada's smallest province. To the west of Ontario, the broad, flat Canadian Prairies spread towards the Rocky Mountains, which divide the provinces of Alberta and British Columbia. Northern Canadian vegetation tapers from coniferous forests to tundra and finally to Arctic barrens in the far north. The northern Canadian mainland is ringed with a vast archipelago containing some of the world's largest islands. Canada has a reputation for cold temperatures but, throughout, experiences four distinct seasons. Winters can be harsh in many regions of the country, with risks of blizzards and ice storms and temperatures reaching lows of -50°C in the far North. Coastal British Columbia is an exception: it enjoys a temperate climate with much milder winters than the rest of the country. Summers range from mild to quite hot, particularly in Central Canada. ==Politics== {{seemain|Politics of Canada}} Image:Queen of canada.jpg|thumb|right| Her Majesty '''Queen Elizabeth II''' Monarchy in Canada|Queen of Canada, wearing the Order of Canada and Order of Military Merit Image:Aclarkson.jpg|thumb|right| Her Excellency The Right Honourable '''Adrienne Clarkson''' Governor General of Canada Image:Paulmartin1.jpg|thumb|right| The Right Honourable '''Paul Martin''' Prime Minister of Canada The prerogatives of the Head of State are exercised by the Governor General of Canada|Governor General, who is generally a retired politician or other prominent Canadian appointed by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister of Canada. The Governor General is a non-partisan figure who fulfils many ceremonial roles including providing Royal Assent to Bill (proposed law)|bills passed by the House of Commons and Senate, reading the Speech from the Throne, signing state documents, formally opening and ending sessions of Parliament, and dissolving Parliament for an election. The Queen and the Governor General are primarily figureheads, with little real power as they almost always act on the advice of Canada's Head of Government, the Prime Minister. They serve as symbols of continuity when there is a change of government. Constitution of Canada|Canada's constitution (see [http://lois.justice.gc.ca/en/const/index.html this page for text]) governs the legal framework of the country, but has to be interpreted in light of various unwritten traditions and conventions (see Westminster system). The patriation of the constitution, with procedures for amending it, was agreed to one night in November 1981. Quebec nationalists refer to that night as Night of the Long Knives (1981)|The Night of the Long Knives - because it occurred without the consent of the province of Quebec. The Governor General appoints the Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister, who is usually the leader of the political party that holds the most seats in the House of Commons. The Prime Minister in turn appoints the Cabinet of Canada|Cabinet drawn by convention from members of the Prime Minister's party in both legislative houses. Executive power is exercised by the Prime Minister and Cabinet, all of whom are sworn into the Privy Council of Canada and become Ministers of the Crown. The legislative branch of government has two houses: the elected Canadian House of Commons|House of Commons and the appointed Canadian Senate|Senate. Elections for the House of Commons are called by the Governor General on the recommendation of the Prime Minister, though they must occur no later than five years after the previous one. The federal parliament may only legislate in those areas assigned to it by the constitution. Canada has four main political parties. The centrist Liberal Party of Canada has formed the government in Canada for most of its history, and is the party of the current Prime Minister Paul Martin and his predecessor Jean Chrétien. The only other party to have formed a government is the now-defunct Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservative Party and its predecessor, the Conservative Party of Canada (historical)|Conservative Party. The PC Party merged with the Canadian Alliance to form a new "Conservative Party" in December 2003. The New Democratic Party (NDP) is the party furthest to the "left." However, the three aforementioned parties can have sustained shifts on the left-right political spectrum. The Bloc Québécois holds most seats in Quebec and promotes Quebec sovereignty movement|Quebec independence. There are many smaller parties and, while none have current representation in Parliament, the list of Political_parties_of_Canada#Historical_parties_that_elected_MPs.2C_MPPs_or_MLAs|historical parties with elected representation is substantial. Canada's judiciary plays an important role in interpreting laws and regulations, and has the power to strike down laws that violate the constitution. The Supreme Court of Canada is the highest court of the land and final arbiter. All judges at the superior, appellate, and Supreme Court of Canada levels are selected and appointed by the federal government, after consultation with non-governmental legal bodies. Judicial posts at the provincial and territorial levels are filled by their respective governments (see Court system of Canada for more detail). Canada is a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, La Francophonie, the Organization of American States, North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, the G8, and APEC. ==Provinces and territories of Canada== {{seemain|Provinces and territories of Canada}} Canada is composed of ten provinces and three territories. The provinces have a large degree of autonomy from the federal government, while the territories have somewhat less. Each has its own List of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols|provincial or territorial symbol. The provinces are responsible for most of Canada's social programs (such as Health_care_in_Canada|health care, education, and welfare) and together collect more revenue than the federal government, an almost unique structure among federations in the world. The federal government can initiate national policies that the provinces can opt out of, but this rarely happens in practice. "Equalization payments" are made by the federal government to ensure that reasonably uniform standards of services and taxation are kept between the richer and poorer provinces. Criminal law is solely the responsibility of the federal government, and is uniform throughout Canada. Though enforcement is a provincial responsibility, most of the provinces contract these services out to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP). The RCMP is the only police force in the world that enforces three different levels of enforcement: municipal, provincial, and federal. The ten provinces have unicameral, elected legislatures with governments headed by a Premier (Canada)|premier who is chosen in the same fashion as the prime minister. Every province also has a figurehead lieutenant governor representing the Queen, appointed on the recommendation of the Prime Minister of Canada. Most provinces' political climates include provincial counterparts to the three national federal parties. However, some provincial parties are not formally linked to the federal parties that share the same name. Some provinces have regional political parties, such as the Saskatchewan Party. The provincial political climate of Quebec is quite different, with the main split being between Quebec sovereignty movement|separatism, represented by the Parti Québécois, and Quebec federalism|federalism, represented by the Parti Libéral du Québec. Image:Dawson2.jpg|350px|thumb|left|Dawson City, Yukon, scene of the Klondike Gold Rush. The three territories have fewer political powers than provinces, having been created by acts of the national Parliament rather than having their status enshrined in the Constitution. There is no lieutenant governor to represent and fulfill the functions of the Queen, but each has a politically-neutral commissioner appointed by the federal government to act as the "Government of Canada's senior representative". Only the Yukon legislature follows the same political system as the provincial legislatures. The other two territories use a consensus government system with no parties, in which each member runs as an independent and the premier is elected by and from the members. ==Economy== Image:23723201.jpg|thumbnail|300px|right| The skyline of Toronto, Ontario, Canada's most populous city, and the heart of the Canadian economy. {{seemain|Economy of Canada, Economic history of Canada}} As an affluent, high-tech industrial society, Canada today closely resembles the United States in its market-oriented economic system, pattern of production, and high living standards. In the last century, the impressive growth of the manufacturing, mining, and service sectors has transformed the nation from a largely rural economy into one primarily industrial and urban. Energy self-sufficient, Canada has vast deposits of natural gas on the east coast and in the three western provinces, and a plethora of other natural resources. The 1989 Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement (FTA) and 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (which included Mexico) touched off a dramatic increase in trade and economic integration with the US. As of 2003, unemployment was up, with contraction in the manufacturing and natural resource sectors. Canada has successfully avoided economic recession after 2001 and has maintained the best economic growth rates in the G8 group of nations. With its great natural resources, skilled labour force, and modern capital plant, Canada enjoys solid economic prospects. Image:Chtn waterfront.jpg|300px|thumb|left|The city and harbour of Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island|Charlottetown on Prince Edward Island. Two shadows loom, the first being the continuing political differences over the constitution between Quebec and the rest of Canada. This has raised the possibility of a split in the federation. However, as the economy has become stronger, notably in Quebec, fears of separation have waned. Another long-term concern is the fear of a flow of professionals south to the USA, referred to as the "Brain Drain", lured by higher pay, lower taxes, and high-tech opportunities. Simultaneously, a largely under-recognized "Brain Gain" is occurring, as educated immigrants continue to enter Canada [http://www.statcan.ca/english/indepth/81-003/feature/eqhi2000006003s1a01.htm]. ==Language== {{seemain|Language in Canada}} Canada's two official languages are English and French. On July 7, 1969, French was made equal to English throughout the federal government. This started a process that led to Canada redefining itself as a Bilingualism in Canada|bilingual and multiculturalism|multicultural nation at the federal level. *English and French have equal status in the Parliament of Canada, in federal courts and in all federal institutions. *Everyone has the right to a criminal trial in either English or French. *The public has the right, where there is sufficient demand, to receive federal government services in either English or French. *Official language minority groups in most provinces and territories have the right to be educated in their language. *While multiculturalism is official policy, to ''become'' a citizen one must be able to speak either English or French. *More than 98 percent of Canadians speak either English or French or both. New Brunswick is the only officially bilingual province, a status specifically guaranteed by the Canadian ''Charter of Rights and Freedoms''. Some provincial governments, notably Manitoba and Ontario, offer many services to their French minority populations. Image:Halifaxnighttime.jpg|300px|left|thumb|Halifax, Nova Scotia skyline at night The official language of Quebec is French, as defined by the province's Charter of the French Language which protects the use of French, but also provides certain rights for speakers of English and aboriginal languages. Quebec provides most government services in both French and English. French is mostly spoken in Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick and southern Manitoba. In the 2001 census, 6,864,615 people listed French as a first language, of whom 85% lived in Quebec, and 17,694,835 people listed English as a first language. Image:Montreal-mcgillcollege.jpg|250px|thumb|right|A view from downtown Montreal, Quebec Languages other than the official languages are also important in Canada, with 5,470,820 people listing a non-official language as a first language. (The above three statistics include those who listed more than one first language.) Among the most important non-official first language groups are Chinese language|Chinese (853,745 first-language speakers), especially Cantonese language|Cantonese (322,315); Italian language|Italian (469,485); and German language|German (438,080). ===Aboriginal groups=== The Constitution Act of 1982 recognizes three main groups of Aboriginal peoples in Canada: the First Nations of Canada|First Nations, the Inuit and the Métis people (Canada)|Métis. The Aboriginal population is growing almost twice as fast as the rest of the population in Canada. Aboriginal peoples make up about three percent of all Canadians, or roughly 790,000 people. About 69 percent are First Nations, 26 percent are Métis and five percent are Inuit. Today, there are more than 50 different languages spoken by Aboriginal peoples, most of which are spoken only in Canada and are in decline. The only aboriginal languages believed to be currently fully sustainable are Inuktitut (in the NWT and Nunavut; 29,010 speakers), Ojibwe language|Ojibwe and Cree language|Cree (together totalling up to 150,000 speakers). ==Demographics== {{seemain|Demographics of Canada}} The 2001 census recorded 30,007,094 people, and as of April 2005 the population has been estimated by Statistics Canada as 32.2 million people[http://www.statcan.ca/english/edu/clock/population.htm]. Approximately 80% of Canada's population live within 200 km of the U.S. border. In the 2001 Canadian National Census, respondents reported their ethnic origins [http://www.canada.com/national/features/census/story.html?id=%7BC78A4458-7085-4FEC-AD57-45F3BA869561%7D]. 39.42% of respondents identified their ethnic origin as "Canadian". Most of these are believed to be from the '''British''', '''Irish''' and '''French''' heritage of earlier immigrants. 20.17% identified their ethnic origin as English-Canadian|English; 15.75% as French-Canadian|French, 14.03% as Scottish, 12.90% as Irish Canadian|Irish. Numerous other groups were also reported (but only German-Canadian|German (9.25%) and Italian-Canadian|Italian (4.29%) were reported by more than 4% of respondents. ''See also:'' List of Canadians by ethnicity for the complete list. The total "visible minority" [http://www.statcan.ca/english/census2001/dict/pop127.htm] population is 13% of the Canadian population[http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/highlight/Ethnicity/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&View=1&Code=0&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=2&B1=Distribution] (this does not include First Nations, Métis, and Inuit peoples; the total percentage for all non-whites is nearly 17%). ==Culture== ''Main articles: Culture of Canada, Canadian identity'' Image:calgnite.jpg|300px|thumb|left|The city of Calgary, Alberta nicknamed "cowtown" by its local Calgarians. Officially its Motto is ''Heart of the new west'' Canadian culture has been heavily influenced by British and French cultures and traditions as a result of its colonial past. In addition, Canadian culture has also been influenced by American culture because of the close proximity of the two countries and the migration of people, ideas, capital and politics across the border. Despite these inherited traditions, Canadian culture has developed many unique characteristics. In many respects, a more robust and distinct Canadian culture has developed in recent years, partially because of the civic nationalism that pervaded Canada in the years leading up to and following the Canadian Centennial in 1967, and also due to a focus on programs to support Canadian culture and the arts by the federal government. Early Europeans helped form the basis of Canadian culture. During their colonization of Canada settlers wrote a great deal of folklore about the land around them. The tales of Paul Bunyan are a product of French-Canadian folklore and the style of jigs from Newfoundland found their origins in Ireland. Many American movies, authors, TV shows and musicians are equally popular in Canada, and vice-versa across the border. Most cultural products of these types are now increasingly marketed towards a unified "North American" market, and not specifically a Canadian or American one. The United States and Canadian governments share a variety of close working partnerships in matters of trade, economics, and legal concerns. Image:Vancouver Waterfront.jpg|right|thumb|300px|The waterfront of Vancouver, British Columbia As Canada and the United States have grown closer, many Canadians have developed complex feelings and concerns, regarding what makes Canada a "distinct" nation within North America. The large American cultural presence in Canada has prompted some fears of a "cultural takeover," and has initiated the establishment of many laws and government institutions to protect Canadian culture. Much of Canadian culture remains defined in contrast to American culture (see Canadian identity). In recent years, Canada has increasingly distinguished itself from the United States by both more liberal social policy and more conservative fiscal policy. Canadian governments (and to a large extent, the Canadian people) support issues such as universal health care, Same-sex marriage in Canada|gay marriage and decriminalization of marijuana. At the same time, they have supported balanced budgets, tax cuts, and free trade. ===National symbols=== The use of the maple leaf as a Canadian symbol dates back to the early 18th century, and is depicted on its Flag of Canada|current and Red Ensign|previous flags, the Penny (Canadian coin)|penny, and on the Coat of Arms of Canada|coat of arms. Canada is known for its vast forests and mountain ranges (including the Rocky Mountains of Alberta and British Columbia) and the wild animals that reside within them, such as moose, caribou, beavers, polar bears, and grizzly bears. Canada is also well-known for the Royal Canadian Mounted Police force, and products made from the country's natural resources, such as maple syrup. Anything pertaining to hockey, Canada's official winter sport, is also often used as a national symbol of unity and pride. Snowy, cold winters and the nation's northern climate have also produced a sense of identity for Canadians. ==International rankings== *Total List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|GDP per capita : 6th - $33,104 :IMF, World Economic Outlook Database, Sept 2004 *Total List of countries by GDP (nominal)|GDP (nominal) : 8th - 1,034,532 (millions of US dollars) :IMF, World Economic Outlook Database, Sept 2004 *Total value of foreign trade (imports and exports), 2003: 4th (out of 185) *Human Development Index, 2004: 4th (out of 177) *Reporters Without Borders World-wide Press Freedom Index 2004: 5th out of 167 countries¹ *Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index 2004 (http://www.transparency.org/cpi/2004/cpi2004.en.html) - 12th of 146 countries *Heritage Foundation/Wall Street Journal Index of Economic Freedom, 2005 (http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/) - 16th (out of 155) ¹ Four-way tie for 2nd place. ==References== *Bumsted, J. 2004. ''History of the Canadian Peoples'', Oxford: Oxford University Press ==Miscellaneous topics== Image:Grain elevator 3439.JPG|300px|thumb|right|A grain elevator outside London, Ontario|London, Ontario. * List of Canada-related topics * Black Canadian|Black Canadians * Canadian Armed Forces * Communications in Canada * Courts of Canada * Crime in Canada * Education in Canada * Foreign relations of Canada * List of Canadian sports personalities * List of Canadians * List of cities in Canada * Medicare (Canada) * Military of Canada * Monarchy in Canada * O Canada, the national anthem. * Order of Canada * Religion in Canada * Same-sex marriage in Canada * Secessionist movements of Canada * Slavery in Canada * Sports in Canada * Canada and weapons of mass destruction * Transportation in Canada * Canadian Geographic == External links == {{commons|Canada}} {{Wikinews|Canada}} {{Wikisource}} * [http://www.gc.ca Official website of the Government of Canada] * [http://www.trailcanada.com Travel guide to Canada] - Canada's most popular and full featured travel guide * [http://www.canadamaps.info Maps of Canada] - Maps of Canada and maps of Canadian provinces, territories and cities * [http://statcan.ca/english/edu/clock/population.htm Statistics Canada with Canada's population clock] * [http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/atlas/ The Canadian Atlas Online] * [http://www.canadianbusinessdirectory.ca/ Canadian Business Directory] {{Canada}} {{North America}} Category:Canada|* Category:Commonwealth of Nations Category:Monarchies Category:North American countries  af:Kanada als:Kanada ang:Canada ar:كندا bg:Канада bn:কানাডা bs:Kanada ca:Canadà cs:Kanada cy:Canada da:Canada de:Kanada et:Kanada el:Καναδάς es:Canadá eo:Kanado fa:کانادا fr:Canada ga:Ceanada gd:Canada ko:캐나다 hr:Kanada io:Kanada id:Kanada ia:Canada iu:ᑲᓇᑕ is:Kanada it:Canada he:קנדה kw:Kanada la:Canada li:Canada lv:Kanāda lt:Kanada hu:Kanada ms:Kanada zh-min-nan:Canada nl:Canada ja:カナダ no:Canada nds:Kanada pl:Kanada pt:Canadá ro:Canada ru:Канада se:Kanáda sa:केनडा sq:Kanadaja simple:Canada sk:Kanada sl:Kanada sr:Канада fi:Kanada sv:Kanada th:ประเทศแคนาดา vi:Canada tr:Kanada uk:Канада yi:קאַנאַדע zh:加拿大 First page | Prev | Next | Last page |

This article on Canada is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Canada".

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