Peru{{otheruses5|the country in South America}} '''Peru''' (Spanish language|Spanish: ''República del Perú'') is a country in western South America, bordering Ecuador and Colombia to the north, Brazil to the east, Bolivia to the east, south-east and south, Chile to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Peru is rich in cultural anthropology, and is well-known as the ''cradle of the Inca empire''. {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big><big>'''República del Perú'''</big></big> |- | align=center colspan=2 | {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9;" |- | align=center width=130 | Image:Flag of Peru.png|125px|Flag of Peru || align=center width=130px | Image:PeruCoatofArms.PNG|115px|Republic of Peru: Coat of Arms |- | align=center width=130 | (Flag of Peru|National Flag) || align=center width=130px | (Coat of Arms of Peru|National Coat of Arms) |} |- | align=center style="vertical-align: top;" colspan=2 | ''National motto: None'' |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#fff;" | image:LocationPeru.png|Location of Peru |- | '''Official languages''' || Spanish language|Spanish1 |- | '''Capital and largest city''' || Lima |- | '''List of Presidents of Peru|President''' || Alejandro Toledo Manrique |- | '''List of Prime Ministers of Peru|Prime Minister''' || Carlos Ferrero Costa |- | '''Area'''  - Total  - % water || List of countries by area|World ranking: 20th 1 E11 m2|1,285,220 km² 8.80% |- | '''Population'''  - Total (2002)  - Population density|Density || List of countries by population|World ranking: 39th 27,925,628 22/km² |- | '''Independence'''  - Declared || From Spain July 28, 1821 |- | '''Currency''' || Sol (currency)|Nuevo Sol ('''S/.''') |- | '''Time zone''' || UTC|UTC -5 |- | '''National anthem''' || "Somos libres, seámoslo siempre" "We are free, may we always be so" |- | '''Top-level domain|Internet TLD''' || .pe |- | '''List_of_country_calling_codes|Calling Code''' || 51 |- | colspan="2" align="left" | 1 Quechua language|Quechua, Aymara language|Aymará and other regional languages are also recognized in the areas where they are predominant. |} == History == ''Main article: History of Peru'' Before the Spanish arrived, Peru was home to various Pre-Inca cultures and later, to the Inca Empire. Francisco Pizarro landed on the Peruvian coast in 1532, and by the end of the 1530s Peru became a Viceroyalty and a major source of gold and silver for the Spanish Empire. Peru declared its independence from Spain on July 28, 1821 thanks to an alliance between the Argentine army of José de San Martín, and the Neogranadine Army of Simón Bolívar. Its first elected president, however, was not in power until 1827. From 1836 to 1839 Peru and Bolivia were united in the Peru-Bolivian Confederacy, dissolved only after an armed conflict with Chile and Argentina. Between these years, political unrest didn't fade away, with the Army as an important political force. Once again, between 1879 and 1883, Peru and Bolivia made an alliance and fought against Chile in the War of the Pacific. After the war (and with the loss of the province of Tarapaca), political stability was achieved, during the early years of the 1900s; until Augusto Leguía and his dictatorship arrived. == Regions == ''Main article: Political division of Peru'' Peru's territory is divided into 25 regions (Spanish: ''regiones''; singular: ''región'')which are also called Departments (Spanish: ''departamentos''; singular ''departamento''). These regions are subdivided into provinces, which are composed of districts. There are 180 provinces and 1747 districts in Peru. The Lima Province, located in the central coast of the country, is part of the Lima region. The city of Lima is located in this province, which is also known as ''Lima Metropolitana'' (Metropolitan Lima). Until 2002, Peru was divided into 24 departments (''departamentos''), and many people still use this term when referring to today's regions, although it is now obsolete. <table border="0"> <tr> <td valign=top> * Amazonas Region|Amazonas * Ancash Region|Ancash * Apurímac Region|Apurímac * Arequipa Region|Arequipa * Ayacucho Region|Ayacucho * Cajamarca Region|Cajamarca * Callao Region|Callao * Cusco Region|Cusco * Huancavelica Region|Huancavelica * Huánuco Region|Huánuco </td> <td valign=top> * Ica Region|Ica * Junín Region|Junín * La Libertad Region|La Libertad * Lambayeque Region|Lambayeque * Lima Region|Lima * Loreto Region|Loreto * Madre de Dios Region|Madre de Dios * Moquegua Region|Moquegua * Pasco Region|Pasco * Piura Region|Piura </td> <td valign=top> * Puno Region|Puno * San Martín Region|San Martín * Tacna Region|Tacna * Tumbes Region|Tumbes * Ucayali Region|Ucayali * Lima Province </td> </tr> </table> == Geography == ''Main article: Geography of Peru'' Image:Pe-map.png|right|Map of Peru Peru is located in Western South America, bordering the Pacific Ocean, between Chile and Ecuador. It also shares borders with Colombia, Brazil and Bolivia. The western coastal plains (costa) are separated from the eastern lowland jungle of the Amazon Basin (selva) by the high and rugged Andes in the center (sierra). On the border with Bolivia lies Lake Titicaca, the world's highest navigable lake at 3821 Metre|m. A land rich in cultural heritage and a variety of natural environments, harbors 84 of the 118 known life zones of the earth. == Politics == ''Main article: Politics of Peru'' The current president is Alejandro Toledo, leader of Perú Posible. This governing party is, with 45 seats, the largest in the 120-seat parliament. The second and third largest parties are in opposition; respectively Partido Aprista Peruano (short: PAP, 28 seats), which is led by Alan García Pérez, and Unidad Nacional (short: UN, 17 seats), which is led by Lourdes Flores Nano. == Economy == ''Main article: Economy of Peru'' The Peruvian economy has become increasingly market oriented, with major privatizations completed since 1990; in the mining, electricity, and telecommunications industries. Thanks to strong foreign investment and the cooperation between the Fujimori government the IMF and the World Bank, growth was strong in 1994–1997|97 and inflation was brought under control. In 1998, El Niño's impact on agriculture, the financial crisis in Asia, and instability in Brazilian markets undercut growth. And 1999 was another lean year for Peru, with the aftermath of El Niño and the Asian financial crisis working its way through the economy. Lima did manage to complete negotiations for an Extended Fund Facility with the IMF in June 1999, although it subsequently had to renegotiate the targets. Pressure on spending grew in the run-up to the 2000 elections.  Growth up to 2004 has been driven by construction, investment, domestic demand, and exports to different world regions. Peru's economy is one of the better-managed in Latin America. Over the next few years, the country is likely to attract both domestic and foreign investment in the tourism, agriculture, mining, petroleum and natural gas, and power industries. == Demographics == ''Main article: Demographics of Peru'' Peru is one of only three countries in the Americas where indigenous people constitute the majority of the population — the other two being Bolivia and Guatemala — where almost half of all Peruvians are Amerindian, or 45 percent of the total population. The two major indigenous ethnic groups are the Quechua, followed closely by the Aymara|Aymará, as well as several dozen small Amerindian ethnic tribes scattered throughout the country beyond the Andes Mountains and in the Amazon basin. Mestizos, a term that denotes people of mixed European and Amerind Peru has two official languages--Spanish language|Spanish and the foremost indigenous language, Quechua. Spanish is used by the government and the media and in education and commerce, although there is an increasing and organized effort to teach Quechua in public schools. Amerindians who live in the Andean highlands speak Quechua and Aymara and are ethnically distinct from the diverse indigenous groups who live on the eastern side of the Andes and in the tropical lowlands adjacent to the Amazon basin. == Culture == ''Main article: Culture of Peru'' *[http://www.perucultural.org.pe/ Perú Cultural] *Music of Peru *Peruvian Cuisine == International rankings == * Reporters without borders world-wide press freedom index 2004: Rank 123 out of 167 countries (2 way tie) * UN Human Development Index 2004: Rank 85 out of 177 countries == Miscellaneous topics == * Surfing in Peru * Communications in Peru * Transportation in Peru * Military of Peru * Foreign relations of Peru * List of famous Peruvians * South American Community of Nations * Public holidays in Peru * Paddington Bear == External links == {{Wikitravel}} * [http://www.peru-explorer.com Peru Explorer] * [http://www.promperu.gob.pe Peruvian Tourism Authority's Official Site] * [http://www.geographicguide.com/south-america.htm South America Pictures] * [http://www.geographicguide.com/south-america-map.htm South America Map] * [http://www.globe-images.com/south-america.htm South America Satellite Images] * [http://www.machu-picchu.info Machu Picchu Travel Information Site and Links] * [http://peruinfo.org Peru Tourist Travel Information Site and Links] * [http://www.tabiviaje.info/perou.htm Tabiviaje goes to Peru] *[http://agutie.homestead.com/files/AboutPeru.htm About Peru] Interactive introduction with animation and sound by Antonio Gutierrez from "Geometry Step by Step from the Land of the Incas" *[http://www.limaperunet.com/climate/climateall.html Climate of 60 locations among Peru] *[http://www.ecstravel.com/ Peru Tours] *[http://andrys.com/indox.html Peru Photodiary, by Andrys] *[http://www.inca-trails.net Inca trail hikes to Machu Picchu] *[http://www.rockperu.com/ Peru Rock Music] *[http://www.inca-tours.com/ Peru Inca Trail] *[http://www.sportfishingperu.com/ Sports Fishing in Peru] *[http://www.peruazul.com.pe/ Surf in Peru] *[http://www.revista69.com/ Peruvian Modern Rock Webzine] *[http://www.sonidorock.org/ Peruvian Music News] {{South_America}} Category:Peru| Category:South American countries ar:بيرو ay:Piruw bg:Перу bs:Peru ca:Perú da:Peru de:Peru et:Peruu es:Perú eo:Peruo fr:Pérou gl:Perú ko:페루 hi:पेरू io:Peru id:Peru it:Perù he:פרו ks:Pēru la:Peruvia lv:Peru lt:Peru ms:Peru nl:Peru nds:Peru ja:ペルー no:Peru pl:Peru pt:Peru qu:Piruw ru:Перу sa:पेरु simple:Peru sk:Peru sl:Peru fi:Peru sv:Peru tl:Peru uk:Перу yi:פּערו zh:秘鲁 First page | Prev | Next | Last page |

This article on Peru is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Peru".

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