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TajikistanTajikistan{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0.5em 0 1em 1em; background: #ffffff; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big><big>'''Jumhurii Tojikiston'''</big></big> |- | style="background:#ffffff;" align=center colspan=2 | {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 | align=center width=148 | Image:Tajikistan flag large.png|125px|Flag of Tajikistan | align=center width=148 | Image:Coa tajikistan.jpg|98px|Coat of Arms of Tajikistan |- | align=center width=148 | Flag of Tajikistan | align=center width=148 | Coat of Arms of Tajikistan |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background: #ffffff;" |image:LocationTajikistan.png |- | '''National anthem''' | ''Surudi milli'' |- | '''Official language''' | Tajik language|Tajiki-Persian |- | '''Capital''' | Dushanbe |- | '''List of Presidents of Tajikistan|President''' | Emomali Rahmonov |- | '''List of Prime Ministers of Tajikistan|Prime Minister''' | Akil Akilov |- | '''Area'''<br/> – Total<br/> – % water | List of countries by area|Ranked 92nd<br/> 143,100 square kilometre|km²<br/> 0.3% |- | '''Population'''<br/> – Total (2003)<br/> – Population density|Density | List of countries by population|Ranked 95th<br/> 6,863,752<br/> 48/km² |- | '''Collapse of the Soviet Union|Independence'''<br/> – Date | From Soviet Union<br/> September 9, 1991 |- | '''Currency''' | Tajikistani Somoni |- | '''Time zone''' | Coordinated Universal Time|UTC +5 |- | '''List of country calling codes|Calling Code''' | 992 |- | '''Top-level domain|Internet TLD''' | .tj |} The '''Republic of Tajikistan''' (Тоҷикистон), formerly known as the ''Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic'', is a country in Central Asia. It has borders with Afghanistan, China, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan. '''Tajikistan''' means the 'Land of the Tajiks'. == History == ''Main article: History of Tajikistan'' Humans have been permanently installed in the land that is now Tajikistan since 4,000 BC. The land has been under the rule of various empires throughout history, mostly the Persian Empire. Before AD, it was part of the Bactrian Empire. Arabs brought Islam in the 7th century. The Samanids|Samanid Empire supplanted the Arabs but was eventually superseded by Turkic invaders. The Mongols would later take control of the area, and Tajikistan would become a part of the emirate of Bukhara. In the 19th century, the Russian Empire began to expand, and spread into Central Asia. During the Great Game, it came in control of Tajikistan. After the overthrow of the Tsar in 1917, Tajik guerillas waged a war against Bolshevik armies in a futile attempt to maintain independence. The Bolsheviks would prevail after a four year war, in which mosques and villages were burned down and the population heavily suppressed. As part of the Soviet Union, Tajikistan was initially grouped with what is now Uzbekistan in the Autonomous SSR of Tajikistan, but was later made a separate constituent republic. Moscow did not do much to develop the Tajik SSR, and it remained relatively behind other Soviet Republics in living conditions, education and industry. In the 1970s Islamic underground parties began to form, and served to rally Tajiks against the USSR, but real disturbances did not occur until 1990. The following year, the USSR collapsed, and Tajikistan declared its independence. The nation almost immediately fell into a civil war that involved various factions fighting one another, these factions were often distinguished by tribal loyalties. Emomali Rahmonov was the first leader of the nation, and continues to rule to this day. However, he has been accused of ethnic cleansing against other ethnicities and groups during the Tajikistan Civil War. In 1997 a cease-fire was reached between Rahmonov and opposition parties (United Tajik Opposition). Peaceful elections were held in 1999, but they were reported by the opposition as unfair, and Rahmonov was re-elected by almost unanimous vote. Russian troops continue to be stationed in southern Tajikistan, in order to guard the border with Afghanistan. Since the September 11th Attacks, United States|American troops have also been stationed in the country. == Politics == ''Main article: Politics of Tajikistan'' Almost immediately after independence, Tajikistan was plunged into a civil war that saw various factions, allegedly backed by Russia and Iran, fighting one another. All but 25,000 of the more than 400,000 ethnic Russian middle-management middle class fled to Russia. By 1997 the war had cooled down, and a central government began to take form. Tajikistan is officially a republic, and holds elections for the List of Presidents of Tajikistan|President and Parliament. The latest elections occurred in 2005, and as all previous elections, international observers believe them to have been flawed, arrousing many accusations from opposition parties that President Emomali Rakhmonov intervenes with the election process. In the Parliament, opposition groups have often clashed with the ruling party, but this has not led to great instability. *[http://www.oneworld.org/ips2/may/tajik.html Account of events from independence leading to the Bishkek agreement of 1997] == Provinces == ''Main article: Provinces of Tajikistan'' Tajikistan is divided into regions, or provinces (singular: viloyat, plural: viloyatho) (capitals in parentheses)- *Khatlon ''Viloyati Khatlon'' (Qurghonteppa) *Sughd ''Viloyati Sughd'' (Khujand) *Karotegin (Kofarnihon) and one autonomous province (viloyati mukhtor)- *Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region (GBAR) ''Viloyati Mukhtori Kuhistoni Badakhshon'' (Khorugh). Additionally, the area containing the capital (RRS, ''Region of Republican Subordination''), Dushanbe, has no viloyat-level administrative divisions. <i>note:</i> the administrative center name follows in parentheses == Geography == Image:Tajikistan-map.gif|thumb|300px|Map of Tajikistan ''Main article: Geography of Tajikistan'' Tajikistan is landlocked, and is the smallest nation in Central Asia by area. It is covered by mountains of the Pamir range, and more than fifty percent of the country is 3,000 meters (approx. 10,000 feet) above sea level. The Amu-Darya and Pyanj River|Pyanj rivers mark the border with Afghanistan. == Economy == ''Main article: Economy of Tajikistan'' Tajikistan is the poorest country of the ex-Soviet Union|USSR and one of the poorest countries in the world. With foreign revenue precariously dependent upon exports of cotton and aluminum, the economy is highly vulnerable to external shocks. In FY 2000, international assistance remained an essential source of support for rehabilitation programs that reintegrated former civil war combatants into the civilian economy, thus helping keep the peace. International assistance also was necessary to address the second year of severe drought that resulted in a continued shortfall of food production. On August 21st 2001, the Red Cross announced that a famine was striking Tajikistan, and called for international aid for Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. == Demographics == ''Main article: Demographics of Tajikistan'' Tajikistan has a population of 7,011,556 (July 2004). The major ethnic group is the Tajik, although there is a sizeable minority of Uzbeks, and a small population of Russians, whose numbers are declining due to emigration. Pamiris of Badakhshan are considered to belong to larger group of Tajiks. Likewise, the official language of Tajikistan is Tajik language|Tajik, while Russian language|Russian is largely spoken in business and for government purposes. Although the Tajik and Uzbek are now classified as separate ethnic groups, on account of their languages, this is a relatively new phenomenon and originates from the conquest of Central Asia by the Russian Empire in the 19th century. Despite its poverty, Tajikistan has a high rate of literacy with an estimated 98% of the population having the ability to read and write. Most of the population follows Sunni Islam, although a sizeable number of Shia are present as well. == Culture == ''Main article: Culture of Tajikistan'' The culture of Tajikistan was originally shared with that of Uzbekistan, but during Communist rule, the cultural fabric of the region was disrupted by the Soviet leadership imposing artificial boundaries and the notion of nation-state - alien to the region - on the area. This has not been completely detrimental though, as Tajikistan was known for its theater and famous novelists during the Soviet era. Among these writers were individuals who strove to purify the Tajik language by tying it in more with Persian language|Persian and eliminating Arabic language|Arabic loanwords. Most citizens of Tajikistan are Muslim. The impact of Islam has grown in recent years, and was a strong bonding force during Tajikistan's fight against Soviet rule and during its civil war. Historically, a lot of Tajik culture ties it to the Iran|Persian past of the region, and Persian writers, scientists and poets such as Ibn Sina, Firdausi, Rudaki, and Omar Khayyam are especially revered. * Music of Tajikistan * Islam in Tajikistan * Public holidays in Tajikistan == Miscellaneous topics == * Communications in Tajikistan * Transportation in Tajikistan * Military of Tajikistan * Foreign relations of Tajikistan ==Democracy== * [http://www.thinking-east.net/site/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=93 "We have to wait a little bit, and the nation will rebel itself"] by Daler Rahimov * [http://www.thinking-east.net/site/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=78&Itemid=56 Tajik elections need international support] by Daler Rahimov ==Culture== * [http://www.thinking-east.net/site/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=55&Itemid=56 The Mosque and State in Tajikistan] by Daler Rahimov ==External links and references== * Text in the sub-articles from the CIA World Factbook, 2000 and 2003 * [http://tajikistan.tajnet.com/ Tajikistan general portal site] * [http://www.khovar.tj/ Khovar] Tajikistan news agency. * [http://www.tajik-gateway.org/ Tajik Development Gateway] {{Central_Asia}} {{Commonwealth_of_Independent_States}} {{Eurasian Economic Community}} Category:Central Asian countries Category:Tajikistan|* ca:Tadjikistan cs:Tádžikistán cy:Tajikistan da:Tadsjikistan de:Tadschikistan et:Tadžikistan es:Tayikistán eo:Taĝikio fr:Tadjikistan ko:타지키스탄 it:Tagikistan he:טג'יקיסטן ka:ტაჯიკეთი lv:Tadžikistāna lt:Tadžikija zh-min-nan:Tajikistan nl:Tadzjikistan nds:Tadschikistan ja:タジキスタン no:Tadsjikistan pl:Tadżykistan pt:Tadjiquistão ru:Таджикистан sk:Tadžikistan sl:Tadžikistan fi:Tadžikistan sv:Tadzjikistan tg:Тоҷикистон th:ประเทศทาจิกิสถาน uk:Таджикистан zh:塔吉克斯坦 First page | Prev | Next | Last page | This article on Tajikistan is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. 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